1. Pragmatic Meaning and Cognition – Sophia S.A. Marmaridou
2. Fire and Fury: The Allied Bombing of Germany and Japan - Randall Hansen
3. Cognitive Exploration of Language and Linguistics – René Dirven and Marjolijn Verspoor (Eds.)
4. Age of Static: How TV Explains Modern Britain – Phil Harrison
5. The Secret of Our Success: How Culture is Driving Human Evolution, Domesticating our Species and Making us Smarter – Joseph Henrich
6. Heroic Failure and the British - Stephanie Barczewski
7. Proust and the Squid: The Story and Science of the Reading Brain - Maryanne Wolf
8. Language Soup: A Taste of How Diverse People Around the World Communicate - Kathryn A. T. Knox
9. A Place for everything: The curious History of Alphabetical order – Judith Flanders
10. Contrastive Analysis - Carl James
11. Impossible Languages- Andrea Moro
12. Languages in the World: How History, Culture and Politics Shape Language – Jukie tetel Andresen and Phillip M. Carter
13. HHhH - Laurent Binet (Translated from the French by Sam Taylor)
14. Impoliteness: Using Language to Cause Offense – Jonathan Culpeper
15. Ethosyntax: Explorations in Grammar and Culture – N. J. Enfield (Ed.)
16. Second Language Speech Fluency: From Research to Practice – Parvaneh Tavakoli & Clare Wright.
17. At Day's Close: Night in Times Past – A. Roger Ekirch
18. Language Shock: Understanding the Culture of Conversation – Michael Agar
19. Possessives in English: An Exploration in Cognitive Grammar - John R. Taylor
20. I saw the Dog: How Language Works – Alexandra Aikhenvald.
21. The German War: A Nation under Arms, 1939 – 1945 – Nicholas Stargardt
22. Civilizations – Laurent Binet
23. Adjective Classes: A Cross-linguistic Typology - R. M. W. Dixon & A. Aikhenvald (Eds.)
24. Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time – Johanna Nichols
25. How to behave badly in Elizabethan England - Ruth Goodman
26. In the Land of Invented Languages: Adventures in Linguistic Creativity, Madness and Genius – Arika Okrent
27. Foundation – Isaac Asimov
28. One Man and his Bike – Mike Carter
29. The Phantom Atlas: The Greatest Myths, Lies and Blunders on Maps – Edwards Brooke Hitching
30. Operation Mincemeat – Ben Macintyre
31. L2 interactional competence and development - J.K. Hall, J. Hellermann & S.P. Doehler, (Eds.)
32. A Natural History of negation – Laurence R. Horn
637 pp.
Well, one thing is for sure- I won’t be reaching 50 books this year if I keep choosing great doorstop books of linguistic philosophy. This was a about as severe a reading challenge as I’ve had. I’m glad I read it, and I’m glad I’m finished reading it.
So, as you’d imagine, at over 600 pages, I’m not going to be able to give even a slight taste of the complexity and intricacy of the contents. The author starts out by observing that negation is found in every natural language, but despite its fundamental importance to human sense making, what negation is, that is, what we are actually trying to achieve when we utter a negative proposition or command or existential, is a topic riddled with complexity and logical puzzles.
Horn details the treatment of negation across the millennia, starting with Aristotle, and his square of opposition* and moving through the Stoics, St Thomas, Averroes, Spinoza, a detour via the Sanskrit grammarians and Buddhist philosophers, getting into the modern age with Frege, Russell and others.
One of the early issues is the different types of negation. ‘This number is not even’ can only mean that it is odd. ‘This hat is not green’ means that it is something other than green. These two types of negation, contradiction and contrariety, are not differentiated in the grammar, but are meat and drink to philosophers, as the author makes clear at great length. Then there are other logical puzzles. ‘The largest prime number is not even’ is both true and not true at the same time. (Largest prime number is a category error- there is no such number, but it is also at the same time true that every prime number above 2 is not even. The non-existent number must fall within the category of odd numbers.)
The mix of logic and pragmatics causes all kinds of disjuncts. ‘All of the students passed the test’, in logical terms entails that ‘some of the students passed’. But the utterance, ‘some of the students passed the test’, pragmatically means ‘not all’.
Following Gricean maxims of truthfulness, to say ‘some of the students passed’ is to entail ‘not all’.
There was an interesting excursion into the realm of affixal negation, explaining why we can have the pair happy/unhappy but not the pair sad/unsad. (Inherently negative adjectives resist prefixal negation in English.) And so on, via double and triple negation, through understatement and litotes, the Jespersen cycle and others. All in all, a very challenging read - I wouldn’t be able to deny an accusation that I had not understood everything, but I did understand something, which is not nothing, at least.
(Despite the heavy subject matter, Horn has frequent recourse to humorous explications and at time wry phrasing, which lightened the load a little.)
Here is an intro to Aristotle's square of opposition which is seen as the foundation of the logic of negation.
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/square/