Fenrir wrote:Define "evil"
You may find it harder than you think.
Indeed, defining evil may be a task that is beyond most of us.
In fact, fully and comprehensively defining many, (if not most) words is often a very hard task indeed.
Now, the linguist in me wants to make a foray here and try to unpack the concept a little.
The classical method of definition, handed down to us from the Greeks, is based on the concept of ‘necessary and sufficient’ conditions. That is, a core of traits which all members of a category must possess. In this classical schema, there is a sharp dividing line between category members and non-members.
However, in the 1970’s a new view emerged – prototype theory. This rejected the Aristotelian ‘necessary and sufficient’ view and argues that human defining structures are based on graded membership. The classic example is of the category ‘bird’. For the biological sciences the category is fairly well defined. But innate human categorization will see something like a thrush or a robin as a prototypical bird, while seeing a penguin or an ostrich as a more marginal example of the category ‘bird’.
Similarly, a chair or a table are more prototypical examples of members of the category ‘furniture’ than say, a refrigerator or a hat stand.
(This is a vast simplification of the theory. See here for more:
https://psychology.fandom.com/wiki/Prototype_Theory)
Anyways, if we set ourselves the task of defining the concept ‘evil’, we will come to see that the concept is centered around a cluster of sub-components, with some of these being more prototypical and others less so.
So, what might some of these sub-components be?
Well, clearly the notion of doing harm is in there. This could be lethal harm, or bodily injury or causing mental distress. Lethality is probably more central than causing mental harm. A combination of mental harm (terrorization) followed by drawn out death is probably more central to the concept of evil than a surprise attack and shot to the head.
Then we have something like intent. Doing harm for harm’s sake is probably more central than attempting to justify the harm by an appeal to self-defense, revenge or doing justice, or causing harm through recklessness, carelessness, intoxication etc. (Consider a drunk driver who mows down a bunch of kids, versus a school shooter who enters a school and begins a shooting spree.)
There also has to be some notion of community standards. The darker corners of the internet contain many videoed instances of mob-justice in out of the way places. Those accused of witchcraft in some societies can meet gruesome ends and the hands of their community members. In these communities, witchcraft and casting spells are a very real concern- no matter how backward and superstitious they may seem to us. Burning a witch to death in public is a matter of community practice. Like if we had a gun to hand and witnessed a black clad teenager with an AR 15 scaling the fence of an elementary school and starting to loose off rounds. Most of us would feel compelled to act, even if it meant killing the person. Our own societies used to validate public torture and execution by various gruesome methods. The second world war saw the allies dropping atomic bombs on Japanese cities. This was done openly and without obfuscation. By 1945 it seems that the allied community standards of acceptable behavior included this. Perhaps with the reasoning that ‘when we win the killing stops’ as opposed to ‘when the Nazis or Japanese take over, the killing is just about to start.”
Then we have some notion of scale. Torturing a child to death is clearly beyond the pale, but causing hundreds, thousands, or millions of people to die is probably a seen as somehow ‘more’ evil. The 9/11 hijackers who killed 3,000 people in New York would have been happier if they could have collapsed the two buildings upon impact and killed in the tens of thousands at a swoop. What is your intent in causing harm in terms of the scale? Is there a limit after which you will stop, or is it unlimited in scope? Do you just keep going on until you are stopped?
Moving on to the concept of involvement. How ‘hands on’ do you have to be to get right in the center of evil? The SS guards in the death camps were merely one part of the machinery of annihilation. The train drivers, the police who did the rounding up, the neighbors who refused to hide a fugitive, what about them? There is a gradation here, it would seem.
The tobacco company executives who suppressed data showing harmfulness, promoted smoking through advertising and got rich from the process, in the final analysis never actually held a person down and forced them to inhale the product. This is unlike, say, the murderers of the Khmer Rouge at the Tuol Sleng torture center in Phnom Penh who held people down while they poured acid up their nose. It seems to me that they had a much more proximate relationship to the harm they did than the tobacco company executives.
Then we have the difference between the evil thought, the evil word and the evil deed. I think most people would admit to having, on occasion, thoughts of doing harm to some enemy, real or imagined. There is nothing inherently wrong with this, it seems to me. I know that I have a clear blue ocean between the occasional thoughts I have that may be described as ‘evil’ and the act of making these thoughts real through word or deed. I’m fairly sure that my filter is in place and robust.
This is just a quick, off the top of my head, list of things which may constitute some of the components of the abstract concept we invoke when we use the word evil. In its linguistic manifestation it can be an adjective or a noun. The adjective is linked to specific instances (an evil deed, an evil man etc.) but as a noun it is extremely abstract and belongs in the irrealis category.