You have joined a medical practice that serves a large number of Muslim patients and realise that Ramadan is about to begin. As you seek out resources to help meet your patients' needs while they fast, you come across the Care of Muslim Patients: A Practical Guide app. Developed by Elsevier, in collaboration with the Federation of Islamic Medical Associations, this useful app reviews Islamic teachings about medicine so as to equip clinicians with the knowledge needed to deliver high-quality health care.
Using the app's keyword search option you access entries about ritual dawn-to-dusk abstention from food and drink. Skimming through the app you learn that the “sick” are exempted from fasting, and are therefore instructed to advise patients with migraines and ulcers to forgo fasting. You also learn that breastfeeding women are prohibited from fasting, and are provided with guidelines for altering medication regimens for fasting patients. With this information in hand you feel better prepared to assist your patients in maintaining their health while fasting.

While some sections recommend non-Muslim physicians refer their patients to Muslim physicians for bioethical advice, this suggestion assumes Muslim physicians are themselves informed of Islamic ethico-legal verdicts, and conflates medical expertise with religious authority.